Male cones produce pollen and female cones produce eggs and house developing embryos. 7 classmates, you will probably notice that your friends, and you, have changed quite a bit since you started Gr. It is important that seeds are moved to different habitats than those directly around the parent plant. In conifers such as pines, the green leafy part of the plant is the sporophyte, and the cones contain the male and female gametophytes (Figure 1). As a homework assignment, read these to at least five separate members of your family and friends. Sexual reproduction allows combinations of different genetic material to be introduced into a new individual (this is the method by which humans reproduce and provides for genetic rearrangement and assortment.) Answer the following questions to help you understand this. This is called. Vegetative Reproduction. This is not true. One such Greek myth is about a lady called Medusa. Does it have something to do with the way seeds are spread to new areas? what they already might know, you are also encouraging them to start talking about it in class and not to be embarrassed or make jokes or tease each other. Add a little sprinkling of water every day to keep the paper towel damp. This includes protecting yourself against possible pregnancy and against any STD infection. After the pollen grain lands on the mature stigma of a flower from the same species, the pollen produces a tube. Some of the points that learners could note are: The flower is brightly coloured and probably gives off a sweet smelling smell to attract the bat. Sexual Reproduction. There are many myths about menstruation and sex which are told by people in our society. Girls and boys do not, generally, go through puberty at exactly the same time: During puberty, you will experience different physical and emotional changes as your body develops towards sexual maturity and adulthood. Then add to your letter what you promise yourself that you will do to protect yourself from contracting an STD or from a pregnancy before you are ready to be a parent. In sexual reproduction, half of the male's and half of the female's genetic material (DNA) fuses (combines) to create a new individual with the combined genetic materials of the parent plants or animals. While the details may vary between species, the overall development of the female gametophyte has two distinct phases. The reproduction in angiosperms takes place by two methods: 1. The most common way to do this is to state the structure and then state why this structure helps the function. Inaccurate - it is not the stomach that grows, but the baby in the uterus. Read this off the graph. There are some challenges that plants face if they rely on the wind or water for pollination. Do you want to engage in sex or do you want to wait until you are older? When these sex cells fuse the two halves from the male and the female organism make a new organism with the combined genetic material (DNA) from both. There are various very dangerous and harmful diseases that are spread from one person to another during sexual intercourse. Let's have a look at some of these. Describe the outer structures of each of these flowers based on their peduncles (stalks) and receptacles, and their sepals and petals. Which line is on top? Transports the ripened egg cell from the ovary to the uterus; fertilisation takes place in the fallopian tubes (oviducts) so sperm swims from the uterus into the fallopian tube (oviduct). Based on your family history and the height of other members of your family, predict whether you will 'follow the curve' or whether you will be shorter or taller than the average person your age? The following flower is called a Voodoo Lily. "Women who are menstruating are dirty and unclean. In order for this to happen, the sperm (from the male) has to combine with the egg cell (from the female) to produce a baby. ", "It is unhealthy to have sex at the time of the month when you are menstruating. Some people do believe this for religious reasons and you should be sensitive to their religious beliefs, while still stating that women are not "dirty". Ask the learners why they think this is important. 'Contra-' means against, so contraception means against conception. Each carpel consists of a stigma, style and ovary. It may be helpful to have someone from FAMSA come in and talk to the learners. Look at the concept it is linked to in order to find the answer: 'In humans, fertilisation is prevented by .', Study the following diagram of a flower and the reproductive parts. Note: You can explain to learners that the height depends on the age of the boys and girls and so the height is the dependent variable. Pollen often sticky or spiky to attach to pollinators. By asking them How is it possible that we all go through puberty at different times and rates? The process of sexual reproduction ( Figure 16) depends on pollination to bring these gametophytes in close association so that fertilization can take place. Both seedless non-vascular plants and seedless vascular plants are dependent upon water for reproduction; they produce flagellated sperm that must swim to the egg. These growth spurts correspond to the ages when girls and boys go through puberty. This can be a very sensitive task for learners to do, especially if they have suffered trauma in their lives. CAPS suggests that learners grow a bean plant during this topic in order to observe the stages in the life cycle of angiosperm plants. First evaluate how well they defined each of these terms and then correct or improve their definitions in each case. 2.2 Why do gymnosperms and grasses produce more pollen than the rest of the spermatophytes? Did they tell you why they laughed? Very few viable seeds remain to plant the next crop. Wrong context - that is called fertilise the garden. Take control of your sex life: The more sexual partners you have, the higher your risk will be of contracting an STD. Therefore you should continue with life as if nothing out of the ordinary is going on. Smaller amounts of pollen produced because there is less wastage than in wind pollinated plants. Did anyone laugh at any of the comments? This feature helps in the reduction of water loss due to transpiration. ", "Don't ever swim when you are having a period! Pollen from the stamen needs to be transferred to the stigma of the flower, either on the same plant or another plant of the same species. Some flowers have one carpel, and some have many. Many plants and algae reproduce asexually and also some animals, such as some species of insects, reptiles, sharks, snails and crustaceans. And a baby does not 'pop out'. Some acorns will be eaten, but others will be buried and forgotten by the squirrel and will germinate and start growing later on. Puberty is the time during childhood when the sex organs mature and the body undergoes various changes preparing it for reproduction. Muscular, elastic tube that can expand to hold the erect penis; sperm swim from the penis in the vagina to the uterus; it also allows the blood-thick lining of the uterus to be expelled once a month during menstruation; during childbirth it is the birth canal through which the baby travels and leaves the mother's body. The ovaries produce one mature egg each month during ovulation which is then transported to the oviduct. Do you remember how we spoke about the different flower structures and how they are adapted for pollination by either animals or wind or water? As we have seen, if the egg is fertilised after sexual intercourse, the mother falls pregnant. If this is happening to you, go and speak to someone you trust and ask them to help you solve the problem. (No, height should remain stable), What do they think they trend will look like between 65 and 85 (Older individuals often lose a bit of height in old age as their vertebra compress (or curve)). This is because the seeds need to be spread to other areas to grow into a new plant. Note: A common misconception among learners is that they think flowers make pollen for the insects. What adaptations does the seed or plant have for dispersal? This time in your lives is not only about growing up and maturing physically, but also emotionally. ", "You cannot fall pregnant if it is your first time.". She had hair made of real snakes and could turn anyone into stone if they looked directly at her. A note has been included in the margin about cells, and it will be beneficial to your class to introduce what cells are, even though they only formally study cells in Gr. Compare and Contrast Sexual Reproduction . There is a lot of awareness now of HIV/AIDS and STDs, but what exactly can we learn in Natural Sciences to help us lead a safe and healthy lifestyle for the rest of our lives? Their reasoning is important in this question. This is so that it sticks to the animal which is visiting the flower for nectar and can then be carried to the next flower. Or else, they can prevent the fertilised egg from implanting in the uterus wall. Discuss this with your class and take some notes on the following lines. However, a truly loving and committed partner will wait until you are ready. If the woman has an infection with a high temperature, or is on antibiotics, this may also reduce the pill's effectiveness. Plant Sexual and Asexual Reproduction - Fully editable and Complete 5E Lesson. Which ones? What is the role of flowers in reproduction? ", "Exercise is bad for you when you menstruate. Sexual reproduction is through seeds, while asexual reproduction (or vegetative propagation) is the multiplication of vegetative parts to grow new onions. Long ago, a woman's virginity used to be assessed by whether her hymen was intact, as this breaks during sex. Learners must make sure to label in the correct way, using a ruler to draw straight, parallel label lines pointing and touching the structure to be named. What reason did the article provide for the loss of these pollinators? Learners might refer to the brightly coloured petals, strong scent, the specific length of the stigma, stamen, nectar pouch, etc. As with STDs, showering after sex will not prevent pregnancy nor the transmission of STDs. [2 marks]. It may be useful before starting this section to have a box where learner's can put questions in advance of the lesson. What is the term for when a seed starts to grow? This process is called pollination. Once the egg cell is fertilised, it continues its journey to the uterus. You should go through each of the myths to show that they are in fact all myths - they are NOT true. What is the message that is brought across by the title and article? Often specific scent to attract specific pollinator. It is not unhealthy or unclean. 1 or 2 The egg is released from the ovaries and travels along the oviduct. (2) 2.3 Explain the terms 'sexual' and 'asexual' (2) . If there are different cultural and religious groups in the class, it might be an opportune time to discuss religious laws and views on menstruation and what girls in the class experience as part of this group. One group of researchers have been working to preserve the last remaining colony of bees. Why are pollinators also important to humans? At the time, it may seem like fun and a good idea, but it also means you are much less likely to practice safe sex and could then fall pregnant or contract an STD. This is called menstruation. The stamen produces pollen that contain the male sex cells. Often, myths are quite old stories that are passed down from one generation to the next. Girls can carry condoms too. If you get cold your period will be worse. The long filaments of the stamens enables the anthers to be exposed to the wind so that the can blow and move in the wind and easily release the pollen. You should point this out and let learners know that this is alright, and by the end of this section they will all know the basics of human reproduction. Plants can be broadly divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms. After ovulation, if the egg in the oviduct does not fuse with a sperm and fertilisation does not take place, then the egg cell will still travel down to the uterus. If fertilisation does not take place the egg moves to the uterus from where it is discarded in the vagina. Creative Commons Attribution License. You can watch the video of the flower dissection using a hibiscus flower in the visit link provided prior to your lesson so that you know how to do the dissection and guide learners. Pollination is the process by which pollen that has been produced in the anthers is received by the stigma of the ovary. Sexual reproduction in angiosperms results in the formation of seeds. What do we call the part of the stalk where the flower petals and sepals attach to the flower stalk? How could you easily distinguish which plants used pollinators to pollinate them? Wind: Wind dispersal requires very light, small seeds that can be carried on the wind. Let's look at some ways that seeds can be dispersed. Read some of the following comments people have made about menstruation and sex. Although some people might find it off-putting, there is no medical reason why sex should be avoided. This is beneficial so that not all pods explode at the same time, but they do so in stages. Stress to learners that this is an anonymous exercise and that they do not need to identify themselves. You have now exposed the ovary. Teachers should also encourage students to wait until they are older to become sexually active. Hint: Think of the chances of a flower being pollinated by an animal which visits it to drink nectar, compared to the chances of being pollinated by pollen that is carried in the wind. 3. There are large number of anthers which hang out of the flower so the pollen can easily be swept away by the wind. Discuss this with your teacher and your class and take some notes. Be aware that learners might not feel comfortable discussing reproduction in the classroom, and might laugh or make inappropriate jokes to conceal their own discomfort. Answer the following questions to help you interpret this graph. The brightly coloured petals attract pollinators. Work in pairs for the next 4 questions. But, also point out that in the end it does not matter what others are doing and who is telling the truth or not, it matters what is best for you. The exception are gymnosperms that produce seeds, but no flowers. Once an egg is fertilised, where is it implanted or embedded? How do you think this flower is adapted to make sure that it is pollinated by the bird? What types of plants are generally pollinated by the wind? This is a very good example of natural selection at play. During puberty the penis and testes develop and mature to fulfil their function in reproduction. Flowers come in many different shapes, sizes and colours, as in the photographs in the next activity illustrate, but there are components which can usually be identified in all flowers. Produces female sex hormones and stores, matures and releases ripe egg cells. At the start of puberty the scrotum starts to grow larger and pubic hair starts to appear. You can then attempt to address these anonymous concerns while covering the material in this section. The red line indicates the average change in height of girls as they grow older. In conifers such as pines, the green leafy part of the plant is the sporophyte; the cones contain the male and female gametophytes. This makes sure the seeds are ready to be dispersed. When it arrives in the uterus, it is safely attached in the thick lining of the uterus. Read the following article from a newspaper called "The Earth Times". The structures of the male and female parts in wind pollinated and animal pollinated flowers are also different. The lead researcher, Dr Wimple, has indicated that they have wild bee larvae from other parts of the world which were frozen several years ago to preserve them. Some images are supplied here, but if possible, collect some grass flowers beforehand and bring these to class. Identify the male and female structures. The male reproductive organs include the penis and testes that produce sperm. The uterus is the organ that controls menstruation and cold feet or food have nothing to do with the uterus. This will help them understand the adaptations. Some plants can produce seeds without fertilization via apomixis where the ovule or ovary gives rise to new seeds. Many women (not all) experience different pre-menstrual syndrome symptoms, which can include emotional changes, but this is not always so, and a woman's mood or emotional state should not automatically be attributed to PMS. Which of these statements do you think are true? You can then ask the class in general what they might already know about human reproduction. The parent organism therefore does not need to mate to produce new organisms. Your students will also confront and overcome the following misconceptions. 5 One sperm enters the outer cover of the egg to fertilise it. Anthers produce the pollen that contain the male reproductive sex cells. You are 100% unique - there is no one like you on Earth! This should be done as a homework assignment in the lead up to the lesson about menstruation. Send an email to DannelleGay (at) gmail (dot) com, Gymnosperm Activity Set for Kids, Instant Download, STEM Workbook, Digital Download, Gymnosperm Life Cycle, Ahoy, Mateys! This is natural and should be embraced so that they are educated and can make informed choices about their sexual health going forward. Jun 8, 2022 32.2: Plant Reproductive Development and Structure - Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms 32.4: Pollination and Fertilization - Introduction Boundless Boundless Learning Objectives Outline the components of a flower and their function The lifecycle of angiosperms follows the alternation of generations. Let's discuss this some more. Possibly bring in a guest speaker. Our sexual organs are adapted for these functions. Vegetative reproduction takes place by the formation of bulbils or adventitious buds which develop on the stem in the axil of the scale leaves e.g., Cycas. They can cause serious damage to the baby. Pollinators play an important role in the production of crops for humans. In this chapter we are going to learn about sexual reproduction where two parent organisms mate and their genetic information (DNA) combines to make offspring which look similar, but they are not identical. Label these on the diagram above. 20% of 15 to 17 year-olds say they have done something sexual while using alcohol or drugs that they might not have done if they were sober. An umbilical cord grows between the foetus and the uterus. In almost every group, however, variations of the usual reproductive process occur. Figure 5 below illustrates sexual reproduction in gymnosperms. to personalise content to better meet the needs of our users. Fertilisation: when you put stuff into the garden to make it grow better. They hope that this will increase the production of maize. Share this with the class. Many flowers are pollinated by animals, as we discussed in the last section, but wind and water can also help pollination. The image of pollen here is taken using a scanning electron microscope. What happens after the pollen lands on the stigma of the flower? [1 mark], The reproductive organs are structured in a very specific way - to make fertilisation and pregnancy possible. Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms. The stigmas of the receiving plant are generally close to the water surface. They are then carried along as the animal walks and drop off later. Explain how each of these plants' flowers have been adapted to be pollinated by pollinators. It may be divided into different parts (or locules) and produces the ovules that contain the female reproductive sex cells. This is often because these flowers depend on the wind to carry the pollen away and therefore do not need petals to attract animals, such as grasses. No nectar - do not need to attract insects. Let them do an Internet search to find the scientific names or have gardening books available in class for them to search in. In contrast to flowering plants (or angiosperms), the seeds of gymnosperms grow on the surface of scales or leaves, not enclosed within an ovary (which usually develops into fruits), and are therefore called "naked seeds". Flowers can contain either male structures or female structures, or both. Can become erect (stiff and hard) to be placed into the vagina; ejaculates sperm in a liquid called semen; urine is also passed via the urethra. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seeds") are borne in cones and are not visible until maturity. Apomictic phenomenawhich are in the strictest sense asexualinclude apospory, in which the gametophyte phase is . Make an X on the graph to indicate where you are in this process according to your age. If each ovule is fertilised, then the fruit will contain more than one seed. Pregnancy: when the mom's stomach grows and a baby pops out. Write a paragraph where you explain your reason why. The seed is very light so that it can blow in the wind. But what happens to the egg if it is not fertilised? The ovary then starts to swell and enlarge, and becomes a fruit. From the vagina, the sperm travel into the uterus and up into the oviducts and to the egg cell. Cells have not yet been taught in Natural Sciences, but a general understanding is useful for this section to know what is meant when males and female sex cells are referred to. As the seed dries or it is brushed against something else, they fall off. Life cycle of Angiosperm. Write a description of the flowers in the photos. So far they report that the colony is doing well and have added 127 new worker bees this week. Puberty is the stage in the human life cycle when sexual organs mature for reproduction. Watch this video about the mysterious disappearance of bees, Loss of pollinators lead to crop destruction - third year of famine. The questions can then be answered in class and discussed. Short peduncles that branch from a shrub; small green sepals, large pink petals to attract pollinators. (Either positive or negative reaction.) We have now finished looking at how angiosperm plants reproduce. ", "During your period you should never have cold food or walk with bare feet. Study the following photos of the flowers of different types of grasses that are pollinated with the help of the wind. Vague, inaccurate - if a girl cuts or hurts herself she may also bleed but not as is meant here. What does this tell us about the height of boys and girls up until 6 years old? An adaptation refers to the way a behaviour or particular structure of the plant has changed (evolved) over time to best perform its function. How does a baby grow inside a woman's uterus? Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction demands less energy because it does not involve forming flowers, attracting pollinators, or dispersing seeds. Learners can also do this in pairs and discuss their answers with each other before writing them down. They need to do this by changing the DNA of the existing crop plants. How do Gymnosperms have sexual reproduction? In conifers such as pines, the green leafy part of the plant is the sporophyte, and the cones contain the male and female gametophytes (Figure 1). In Chapter 2 we looked at how to classify organisms, and at the diversity in plants and animals. Learners can either agree or disagree that this could happen in the future. There are numerous stamens covered in yellow pollen and the four 'stalks' with rounded heads sticking out the top are the stigma. He was protected from her deathly stare and managed to cut off her head and kill her. In animal pollinated flowers, the pollen is often sticky and clumps together. On what day did the stem sprout? Learners may battle with this question so you could discuss it as a class. On the graph, we can see that there is a growth spurt for girls and a growth spurt for boys. 3.1 Reproduction in Angiosperms (5 hours), Growing, observing, measuring, recording, plotting graphs, Activity: Identify the outer structures of flowers, Identifying, describing, drawing, labelling, Activity: Studying the flowers of wind and water pollinated plants, Reading, identifying, interpreting, explaining, Activity: Studying different kinds of seeds, Thinking, remembering, drawing, presenting, Reading, communicating, recording, discussing.