workplace environment and its impact on employee performance pdf

Second, employee well-being will affect employee behaviors that enhance employee engagement with the work as well as with the organization. In this research, first, we designed a questionnaire for data collection, and the base was provided by the constructed hypotheses [66]. Hair JF, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM. Di Blasio S, Shtrepi L, Puglisi GE, Astolfi A. Therefore, to boost work performance, Organizational support theory suggests that people trade their time and effort at work for valued outcomes. Khan T.M., Gang B., Fareed Z., Khan A. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, toxic workplace environment, organizational support and employee well-being, small and medium-size enterprises. Int J Hum Resour Manag. (2022) 29:7290. Int J Product Perform Manag. Both criteria were met as the values of HTMT ratios in all columns are <0.90 and 0.85, describing that both liberal and conservative criteria are met. The findings of this study are also supported by organizational support theory [78]. Notes: Significant level p < 0.05. This proposed model advances several theoretical perspectives. This avoidance and silence by victims of a toxic workplace environment make such incidents difficult to be noted and studied by researchers [12]. Similarly, the role of achievement-striving ability has been utilized as mediator previously along with occupational commitment between social interaction and job performance (18) leaving a gap for evaluating the impact of achievement-striving ability between workplace environment and employees' performance. Employee well-being is positively related to employee engagement. Second, the use of conservation of resources (COR) theory to understand employee engagement is used for the first time in the literature. Saleem Z., Shenbei Z., Hanif A.M. For instance, the work in (10) stated that with an increase in per unit variance for physical and behavioral environmental factors, employee's performance was increased which supported our argument. Copyright 2022 Zhenjing, Chupradit, Ku, Nassani and Haffar. Before data collection, we tested the reliability and validity of the questionnaire through a pilot study. Before distributing questionnaires to the respondents, a suitable sample size was determined and the criteria regarding setting a reasonable sample size were consulted. The study had certain limitations. Unfortunately, most firms consider a safe and healthy work environment to be an unnecessary expenditure and do not invest heavily in providing a comfortable working environment (12). I generally feel positive toward work at my organization. So, the items we used in this research instrument are valid. This study examined the impact of workplace environment on employee task performance under the mediating role of employee commitment and achievement-striving ability. Dos Santos L.M. Moreover, the findings of this research confirm that organizational support and employee well-being significantly mediate a toxic workplace environment and employee engagement. Billings noted that the employees are the focus of organizational decisions as they are present at their workplaces most of the day (39). PDF The Factors Affecting Employee Work Environment & It's - IJSR In a study on the toxic work environment and its relationship with work stress, Wang, Zaman [32] found that organizational support has a positive impact on employee output, which improves employees commitment and performance at the workplace. With regard to the working environment, motivation can be, Communication play a vital role at all levels of organization. Similarly, employees with higher achievement-striving ability tend to show a higher level of task performance even in difficult situations. Impact of Workplace Environment On Employee Performance | PDF - Scribd Based on the strategies of providing a better workplace environment to the employees, a few empirical investigations have been done in recent past in different contexts. develop research idea and draft the manuscript, M.W. doi: 10.1016/j.wsee.2019.10.001, 45. Third, most of the data collection was done during the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the majority of employees were observing the lockdown period or were working from home. COR theory covers two basic principles involving the protection of resources from being lost. Organizational support has been proven to have a positive effect on employee engagement in several studies. Modeling predictors of restaurant employees green behavior: Comparison of six attitude-behavior models. The process of social exchange takes place between an organization and its workers indicating that the organization recognizes the contributions of its employees and ensures that they are well-cared for (25). Work stress and turnover intentions among hospital physicians: The mediating role of burnout and work satisfaction. Burgess E.O., Barmon C., Moorhead J.R., Jr., Perkins M.M., Bender A.A. That is so common everyday Everywhere you go: Sexual harassment of workers in assisted living. The negative relationships are supported by COR theory, and the positive relationships are supported by organizational support theory. (2019) 1:4256. J Environ Psychol. Wu L., Wei L., Hui C. Dispositional antecedents and consequences of workplace ostracism: An empirical examination. The HTMT is defined as the mean value of the item correlations across constructs relative to the (geometric) mean of the average correlations for the items measuring the same construct. Therefore, we utilized the employees' commitment as a potential mediator between employees' workplace environment and employees' performance. Similarly, Chen, Hao [83] demonstrated that organizational support is the degree to which workers think that their organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. A previous study has revealed that factors which shape up the workplace environment show their impact on the performance of employees (28). Li X, Li H, Skitmore M, Wang F. Understanding the influence of safety climate and productivity pressure on non-helmet use behavior at construction sites: a case study. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06917-z, 40. Henseler, Ringle [74] proposed a standard value of 0.90 for the HTMT. Saqib S, Saleem S, Bashir M, Ali A. How human resource management practices translate into sustainable organizational performance: The mediating role of product, process and knowledge innovation. The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of working environment on employee job satisfaction. Organizational support reflects an organizations overall expectations of its members and recognizes the personal value of each employee [42]. It is a new technique to measure discriminant validity. To accomplish the given task of evaluating the impact of the workplace environment of employees' performance, there was a dire need to find the facilitators who could boost the relationship of workplace environment and employees' performance. The values for composite reliability are within a range of 0.8300.941, illustrating good composite reliability. The impact of collinearity on regression analysis: the asymmetric effect of negative and positive correlations. Rethinking some of the rethinking of partial least squares. Climate mitigation, low-carbon society, and dynamism of educational institutes in a low-income country. Heffernan M., Dundon T. Cross-level effects of high-performance work systems (HPWS) and employee well-being: The mediating effect of organisational justice. Hotel employee's artificial intelligence and robotics awareness and its impact on turnover intention: the moderating roles of perceived organizational support and competitive psychological climate. Henseler J., Ringle C.M., Sarstedt M. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Data was collected from 500 hotel employees by, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Alpha statistics have been found statistically high above this benchmark; for instance, the alpha value for the construct, workplace environment is 0.929, for employee performance it is 0.745, for achievement-striving ability it is 0.839 and for employee commitment, it is 0.893. Raziq A, Maulabakhsh R. Impact of Working Environment on Job Satisfaction. Similarly, 10% change is observed in achievement-striving ability and 8% change in employee commitment as a result of the workplace environment. Arnetz J., Hamblin L.E., Sudan S., Arnetz B. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Moreover, the workers with a high sense of commitment to the company's goals feel a strong sense of ownership over their responsibilities, while the employees with a lower level of commitment to the company's targets feel no such obligation. Employees are dealing with serious environmental issues at work, particularly in the software business, which makes it difficult to provide necessary amenities to improve their performance level (46). Common method variance in IS research: a comparison of alternative approaches and a reanalysis of past research. Thus, the second measure of reliability is also met. supervise this study, M.T. The mediating roles of psychological autonomy, competence and relatedness on work-life balance and well-being. A few scholars also encouraged future researchers to conduct comparison studies on private and public organizational levels for impact of workplace environments be on employee' performance (29). Worker level of commitment boost employee productivity in firms which improve their levels of commitment. So, based on this possible logic, we devised the following hypothesis: H3: Employee workplace environment significantly affects employees' achievement-striving ability. The second measure to assess the convergent validity is outer loadings (Figure 2). The scale for measuring organizational support was adapted from Wang, Zaman [32]. This study examined the impact of workplace environment on employee task performance under the mediating role of employee commitment and achievement-striving ability. doi: 10.34007/jehss.v4i2.801, 69. Hair Jr JF, Sarstedt M, Hopkins L, Kuppelwieser VG. Aghaji A, Burchett HED, Oguego N, Hameed S, Gilbert C. Human resource and governance challenges in the delivery of primary eye care: a mixed methods feasibility study in Nigeria. Moreover, previous researchers and COR theory also suggest these three factors reported above create toxic environments in organizations that reduce work performance and employee engagement [27]. The future of workplace commitment: key questions and directions. Young adult's perception towards the formation of stigma on people experiencing mental health conditions: a descriptive qualitative study. Employees working in an unstable and unhealthy atmosphere, putting them at risk for occupational sickness related to the adverse effects of the environment on their productivity, which has an impact on the organization's total productivity (45). J Am Stat Assoc. To answer these questions, this study focused on evaluating the impact of the workplace environment of employees on their performance. J Educ Hum Soc Sci (JEHSS). Saragih R, Warjio W, Susanti S. The effect of leadership style, work environment and performance benefits on employee performance in BP3TKI office, indonesia using statistical method. We also measured the reliability of all used constructs and quantified the convergent validity. Casper Ferm LE, Thaichon P. Customer pre-participatory social media drivers and their influence on attitudinal loyalty within the retail banking industry: A multi-group analysis utilizing social exchange theory. Moreover, the average variance extracted for each construct was higher than the recommended value of 0.5 [73]. (2020) 57:20432. In addition to this, we have also tested the model predictive relevance based on Q2 (67) and all the values of Q2 have been found to be higher than zero, indicating model predictive relevance. Exhibit 4. Employer brand, person-organisation fit and employer of choice. The multi-mediation analysis was also carried out in this study to evaluate the aiding role of employees' commitment and achievement-striving ability of employees between workplace environment of employees and their performance. Available SSRN 3958247 (2021). I really throw myself into my job and organization engagement. Perceived corporate social responsibilitys impact on the well-being and supportive green behaviors of hotel employees: The mediating role of the employee-corporate relationship. Eudemonia refers to working for and achieving job-related goals, as well as realizing one's maximum potential, and is based on the philosophy of eudemonia drive (i.e., achievement striving). Tan L., Wang Y., Qian W., Lu H. Leader humor and employee job crafting: The role of employee-perceived organizational support and work engagement. Accordingly, informal support is more helpful, when provided, as compared to formal support from an official senior [35]. Therefore, there is increased attention among organizational behavior theorists toward the personal and situational factors that influence employee engagement [6]. The respondents in this study were selected based on previous studies, where academic teaching staff were approached for data collection to study the impact of workplace environment (50). Social exchange theory also provides a basis for employees' commitment as if the workplace environment is favorable and suitable, it develops a sense of trust for the organization among the employees. 1.2 Telkom Kenya Limited. J Market Res. Employees are thus viewed as a valuable asset to every firm to improve performance (1). Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL. All employees may not work in the same way since they have distinct working styles due to different workplace environments. The Relationship between Workplace Ostracism, TMX, Task Interdependence, and Task Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model. Progressive organizations have to make sure that their programs have health outcomes for the overall well-being of their employees. The impact of a toxic workplace environment is perhaps felt within every organization, but due to personal reasons, very few of the workers are willing to lodge formal complaints against such behavior [11]. One item from the study constructs workplace environment (WE-10). J. Eng. Thus, the positive relationship of employee well-being with employee engagement is depicted in the following hypothesis. 50. According to several academics, implementing a well-defined framework for analyzing employee performance is critical to a company's successful operation (7). For instance, the square root of AVE of achievement-striving ability is 0.814 which is higher than the correlations in that column (bold and underlined values in diagonal). Kurtessis J.N., Eisenberger R., Ford M.T., Buffardi L.C., Stewart K.A., Adis C.S. Work Environment and Its Implication on Employees Performance J Appl Behav Sci. Psychol. These studies hinted to explore this kind of relationship even further for establishing this association as a set parameter in achieving improved employees' performance. Tables 3, 4 illustrate these two criteria. (2014) 5:10515. 1 Issue 1 January 2011 This research design was commonly used in survey research and previously the researchers have used cross-sectional research design in their studies (48, 49). When people work in groups, there is a possibility that they may behave as if they are entrepreneurs, so every group member engages in as many tasks as possible to demonstrate that he/she is the most promising person in the group. The impact of healthy workplaces on employee satisfaction, productivity PDF to Flipbook. Moreover, COR theory also supports the negative relationship . Table 7. Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Depending on the physical circumstances in the workplace, it might have a beneficial or harmful impact. Third, organizational support also increases employee engagement with the work as well as with the organization. Creating effective core organizational values: A spiritual leadership approach. (2021) 32:30547. (2006), 67. All the effect sizes have been found satisfactory and depict good quality criteria (52). Second, SMEs should communicate with all functional heads, including supervisors, that the employees are the backbone of small and medium-size enterprises. 60. doi: 10.1108/ECAM-08-2020-0626, 30. A toxic workplace environment is negatively related to organizational support. Torlak NG, Kuzey C. Leadership, job satisfaction and performance links in private education institutes of Pakistan. For this purpose, data were collected from the academic staff under a cross-sectional research design, and they were approached through convenience sampling technique. doi: 10.1108/IJPPM-01-2018-0012, 20. doi: 10.46827/ejhrms.v0i0.492 [Unpublished]. Awada M, Becerik-Gerber B, White E, Hoque S, O'Neill Z, Pedrielli G, et al. Front. (2021) 21:e2512. The study also eliminates employee engagement on the basis of organizational support theory, which pays significant attention to the psychological process of employees [20]. Chiu C.-M., Cheng H.-L., Huang H.-Y., Chen C.-F. This kind of evaluation left a gap for assessing the specific mediating role of employees' commitment between their workplace environment and performance. We selected SmartPLS for our analysis because it follows the variance-based SEM approach, which is comparatively less sensitive to sample size than other applications that use covariance-based SEM approaches, such as AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) [72]. Ali F, Rasoolimanesh SM, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM, Ryu K. An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in hospitality research. First, the direct impacts of a toxic workplace environment on employee engagement were determined, and the findings of this research show that a toxic workplace environment has a negative influence on employee engagement, which support hypothesis H1. (2021) 4:10661074. Particularly, banking sector employees can be approached in future studies. Roslee NLB, Goh YS. Prior studies also confirmed that a toxic workplace environment is negatively associated with employee engagement [76,77]. This action was considered a necessity before collecting information from the targeted population. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. H2: Supervisor's leadership has a significant impact on employee performance in an organization. doi: 10.1037/cbs0000223, 9. The employees' performances are determined by their willingness and openness to complete their jobs. J Fam Bus Strateg. Hence, on the basis of the above discussion, we generate the below-mentioned three research questions (RQs): This paper is organized as follows. For this purpose, data were collected from the academic staff under a cross-sectional research design, and they were approached through convenience sampling technique. doi: 10.3846/bme.2019.10379, 11. A toxic workplace environment is defined by narcissistic behavior; offensive, and aggressive leadership; threatening behavior from managers and co-workers; and harassment, bullying, and ostracism. doi: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1857082, 34. Motivation in employees from organizational support leads toward more productivity [49]. The detailed information about all items of the questionnaire is presenting in Appendix A. Cronbachs alpha of the toxic workplace environment was 0.935. Cost-benefit ratio may range from 1.25 to 5 for every Euro invested. Yu M., Yang S., Qiu T., Gao X., Wu H. Moderating role of self-esteem between perceived organizational support and subjective well-being in Chinese nurses: A cross-sectional study. Improving the individual work performance questionnaire using rasch analysis. Leung M.-y., Zhang H., Skitmore M. Effects of organizational supports on the stress of construction estimation participants. J Asian Financ Econ Bus. doi: 10.1016/j.jfbs.2014.01.002, 54. Bus Manag Educ. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2019.02.006, 35. (2006) 52:186583. Odoardi C., Montani F., Boudrias J.-S., Battistelli A. 6704. Further, this study in future opting larger sample size can provide more detailed and deeper insights regarding the relationship between the workplace environment and employee performance. From a theoretical perspective, this study tends to add to the existing body of knowledge by investigating the impact of a positive work environment on employee performance which is the contribution of the study. pp. While talking to mediation hypotheses, these have been tested through the indirect effects as illustrated in Table 7. According to a definition of workplace environment, there is a strong link The outcomes of this research confirm that employee well-being positively and significantly mediates in the relationship between a toxic workplace environment and employee engagement, which supports hypothesis H3c. Ahmed M, Guo Q, Qureshi MA, Raza SA, Khan KA, Salam J. Employee engagement, which refers to a commitment demonstrated by employees toward their job and organization, has become an important asset for small and medium-size enterprises that seek to adapt to an uncertain environment [5]. An official website of the United States government. Koopmans L, Bernaards CM, Hildebrandt VH, Van Buuren S, Van der Beek AJ, De Vet HCW. This theory is also known as individual theory. According to this theory, people in a specific environment have a dynamic relationship with their social, physiological, and physical environments. Work environment impacts greatly on performance of employees both positively and negatively. This study used a cross-sectional research design to collect data from the participants. Public Health 10:890400. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.890400. J Fam Bus Strateg. Mohamad Shammout Prince Mohammad University Abstract A good work environment is essential for. The performance of employees is a popular issue, and this is influenced in a range of ways by the workplace. The presence of a toxic workplace environment is found to have negative effects on employee outcomes, such as stress and engagement. Behavioral and physical features of a typical working environment are critical. Zhang X., Bartol K.M. doi: 10.1037/t35489-000, 57. dynamic business world. If the working environment fails to attract employees and they have a bad perception of many workplace aspects such as sick leave, performance, mental illness, and performance, their demand will ultimately be lowered to a low level, impacting the institution's growth and productivity (35). A toxic workplace environment and employee engagement have attracted the attention of many researchers. Academia: mediating role of interpersonal distrust and rumination. Workplace Environment and Its Impact on Organisational Performance in Employee commitment levels boost employee performance in firms which enhance their commitment levels. Endogenous motivations help in accomplishing certain difficult tasks and exogenous motivations are the reward which are given in terms of the acknowledgments and the advanced salaries (31). Third, we have anticipated only one side of a workplace environment, while in the future, other types of workplace environments should also be tested. EE, employee engagement; EW, employee well-being; OS, organizational support. Second, the distribution of the respondents according to gender's perspective was almost equal [i.e., 54% (male) and 46% (female)]. Int J Product Perform Manag. When employers provide health and financial support, employees give their full attention at work. What this means is that a loss of pay will be more harmful than the same gain in pay would have been helpful. Zhou, Rasool [55] examined 336 workers employed at small and medium-size enterprises, and the results of their study confirmed that employee well-being reduces workplace harassment, mobbing, and sabotage. Hum Factors Ergon Manuf Serv Ind. Funminiyi AK. It was previously established that the office atmosphere had a favorable influence on workers' commitment to perform (37). Thus, a positive change in the workplace environment increases the achievement-striving ability of the employees at the workplace. This principle of COR states that employees tend to invest in resources in order to protect against resource loss, to recover from losses, and to gain resources. This relationship is supported by organizational support theory [88]. (2018) 27:15367. Kowloon, Hong Kong (2006). All components which are linked to an employee's ability to physically engage with the workplace are referred to as the physical setting (41). Employee commitment levels boost employee performance in firms that increase their commitment levels. The employees in exchange show more commitment toward the set targets of the organization. The minimum acceptable value for this indicator of reliability is 0.60 (60, 62). A total of 324 responses were received in return, of which 301 were used for this paper. Third, organizational support also increases employee engagement with the work as well as with the organization. GZ: initial and final draft. The second principle is known as resource investment. Li J, Bonn MA, Ye BH. The standard value of Cronbachs alpha is 0.70 and higher. An organization communicates its agenda for employee well-being, as it is obliged to do so under corporate social responsibility initiatives [36]. Second, the response rate is usually higher than manual distribution of a questionnaire. PDF The Influence of Work Environment on Job Performance: A Case Study of Performance appraisal impacts directly onto highly emotional tasks in professional life, judgment of a person's commitment, and competence, (6). This study also gets support from social exchange theory in which favorable workplace environment provides a sort of motivation to the employees to work better. The employees who are more targeted toward the goals are more productive in terms of their performance (18). Eur Bus Rev. The workplace environment impacts employee morale, productivity and engagement - both positively and negatively. How well the workplace engages an employee impacts their desire to learn skills and their level of motivation to perform.
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