Evalution of anti arthritic activity of leaf extracts of Pergularia daemia [Forsk] plant in experimental animals. Antioxidants play an important role to prevent the liver cells from CCl4 induced damage because they effectively neutralize the free radicals [56]. Aanjaneyulu et al. Springer Nature. Corella is creamy white or greenish, sometimes tinged with purple and long lobes fringed (Fig. Their findings also illustrated anti-inflammatory activity by membrane stabilization method in the ethanolic leaf (54.55%) and root (45.55%) extract at a concentration of 300g/ml and produced most significant stabilization compared to that of standard drug diclofenac sodium (72.73%) at 100g/ml concentration. [13] identified and reported that P. daemia extracts consist of five flavonoids (formononetin, qurecetin, chrysoeriol, taxifolin and naringenin) which has anti-arthritic activity against complete freunds adjuvant (CFA) induced rat model [13]. 2014;2014:857363. The prime reason is that other system of medicine although effective and it has a number of side effects that often lead to serious complications. Both qualitative and quantitative method of analysis is very important for the validation of bioactive phytochemicals. (15) was employed, with modification, for the assessment of diuretic activity. Amelioratory effect of flavonoids rich Pergularia daemia extract An important study on veliparuthi which really excited me was about its amazing use in treating poly cystic ovarian syndrome which affects many women now. Mitt. Assessment of Antioxidant Potential and Acute Toxicity Studies of Whole Flavonoids were found to be the major and important phytochemicals obtained from extract of P. daemia aerial part during qualitative analysis. Diabetes mellitus is becoming the third killer disease next to cancer and cardiovascular diseases in mankind. Traditional knowledge information collected by Indian taxonomical books, survey from local rural and tribal peoples. Sureshkumar and Mishra [68] reported that the ethanolic and aqueous extract of P. daemia possesses a significant (P<0.05) hepatoprotective effect against CCl4 induced hepatic rat model. Raman SP, Barua A. 2). 2016;13(3):23945. Highly reactive trichloro free radical was generated by CCl4, which attacks polyunsaturated fatty acids. Shad AA, Ahmad S, Ullah R, AbdEl-Salam NM, Fouad H, Ur Rehman N, et al. Recently, Sarkodie et al. Seeram NP, Lee R, Scheuller HS, Heber D. Identification of phenolic compounds in strawberries by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. Flavonoids are known to be effective phytocompounds in treating the anti-rheumatic condition in animal models [13]. Chemical investigation of Daemia extensa. Immediately after dosing, the rats were placed in the metabolic cages with special provision to collect faeces and urine. Pharmacogn Mag. Phytochemical and biological activities of four wild medicinal plants. Pergularia daemia (Asclepiadaceae) is a perennial herb growing widely along the road sides of India. aMaliba Pharmacy College, Gopal Vidyanagar, Tarsadi, India. Article https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.047. Worldwide cancer is the dangerous and second most important reason for mortality. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. Asian Pac J Trop Med. These studies will fetch in bringing the practise of P. daemia based herbal formulations. Acute oral toxicity study was performed as per OECD-423 guidelines (acute toxic class method) (14). If mortality is observed in 1 animal, then the same dose would be repeated again to confirm the toxic dose. PDF Antibacterial And Phytochemical Evaluation of Pergularia daemia - IJSRP 2016;13(1):2431. If mortality is observed in 2 out of 3 animals, then the dose administered would be assigned as toxic dose. Solvent extractions are the most commonly used procedure to prepare extracts from plant materials due to their ease in use, efficiency, and wide applicability. The parameters taken to study were pH, Na+, K+ and Cl- concentration in urine. Flavonoids have wide range of heath promoting properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. Research in medicinal plants has gained a renewed focus recently. Researchers already developed steroidal and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce this chronic inflammatory state. Hel Helv Chim Act. Similar analgesic results were recorded at the concentration of 100mg/kg (p<0.01) with chloroform and petroleum extract of P. daemia [55]. [63] revealed that that P. daemia extract has anti-hyperglycaemic activity against STZ-induced rat models. as a phytomedicine: a review. The whole plant, Pergularia daemia (Family: Asclepediaceae), was extracted with 50% alcohol and a fresh batch of the plant material was successively extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol to determine its diuretic activity.The diuretic activity of the different extracts at a dose of 400 mg/Kg was assessed orally in rats with furosemide as a standard drug using Lipschitzs test. The proportion of plant usage in the different Indian systems of medicine is Ayurveda (2000), Siddha (1300), Unani (1000), Homeopathy (800), Modern (200) and Folk (4500) [1]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.019. The diuretic activity of alcoholic, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts may be attributed to presence of alkaloids, flavonoid or steroids. Based on the results diuretic activity of P. daemia alcoholic extract showed a highest activity of 0.93 at 400ml/kg concentration. PubMed Central The .gov means its official. Evid-Based Complement Altern Med. Pergularia daemia (Asclepiadaceae) is used in Cameroon traditional medicine to treat stroke, anemia, inflammation, and epilepsy. These reactive species promote degenerative diseases [44,45,46] ROS such as superoxide anion (O), nitric oxide (NO) radicals, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxyl radicals (ROO) and reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH) are continuously generated as a by product during electron transport system and normal cell metabolism [47]. Devasagayam T, Tilak J, Boloor K, Sane KS, Ghaskadbi SS, Lele R. Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects. Sathish CJ, Sharma RA, Jain R, Mascolo N, Capasso F, Vijayvergia R, Mittal C. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of Pergularia daemia (Forsk) Chiov. Artemisia asiatica extracts protect against ethanol-induced injury in gastric mucosa of rats. Hina I, Rose JC. [23] suggested that ethanolic extracts of P. daemia leaf possessed excellent anti-ulcer activity in dose dependent manner. It is also suggested that phytocompounds such as flavonoids and sterols might be responsible in this anti-rheumatic activity of P. daemia [13]. D.A.A, G.D and V.R.B: Writing- Reviewing and Editing. Animals were kept at room temperature of 35 1C throughout the experiment. Around 20,000 medicinal plants have been recorded to be procured from 15 agro-climatic zones in India so far. (Trellis-vine): a review. J Chromatogr A. 2008;23(6):97684. But in this study both urinary Na+ and K+ level were increased without any alteration in Na+/K+ ratio. The leaf latex is used as pain killer and as a relief for toothache [7]. In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti arthritic activity of Pergularia daemia leaves and roots. 1962;45(3):90724. and medicinal plants could be a source for developing more effective drugs. ROS generation and antioxidant status, membrane (potential) potential and cell cycle arrest were determined for the confirmation of anti-proliferative activity. As the diuretic action is prone to variability, a parameter known as diuretic activity was calculated instead. Chiov. But the scientific parameters are not yet available to identify the true plant material. Recently our group identified five pharmacology important flavonoids from the methanolic leaf extract of P. daemia [13] (Fig. In vitro antioxidant potential of P. daemia extracts were determined by inhibition of two different synthetic free radicals such as 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283547627. Particularly the antioxidant activity of the plants is due to the presence of flavonoids such as flavones, isoflavones, flavonoids, anthocyanin, coumarin lignans, catechins and iso catechins [15]. Google Scholar. Jain SC, Jain R, Mascolo N, Capasso F, Vijayvergia R, Sharma RA, Mittal C. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of Pergularia daemia (Forsk) Chiov. Herbal extracts and medicinal plants demands are progressively increasing in European and other developed countries. 2010;48(11):126572. Iran J Pharm Res. Chemical evaluation of Pergularia extensa. P. daemia extracts induced paralysis followed by the death in the warms with a concentration of 100mg/ml exhibiting (P<0.01) anthelmintic activity compared to that of standard drug. . Various number of methods have been developed recently, like supercritical extraction (SCE), solid-liquid extraction (SLE), Microwave extraction (ME), Conventional Extraction (CE) and Ultrasound Extraction (USE) etc. Int J Crude Drug Res. (11). Presence of triterpenes and saponins cardenolides and alkaloids were reported by Sathish et al. Also, they proved a significant effect against various chronic ailments. D.A.A, G.D and V.M: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data collection, Writing- Original draft preparation. Overproduction of ROS/RNS lead to failure in the defence mechanism by release of oxidant substances. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Bangalore: Interline Publishing Pvt. The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis: structural and genetic diversity. Accessibility Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Medicinal plants play a significant role in the progress of persuasive therapeutic agents. Lin J-K, Weng M-S. Flavonoids as nutraceuticals. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.001. J Med Sci. Anti-inflammatory activity of whole plant of Pergularia daemia Linn. Pergularia is a genus of the botanical family Apocynaceae. Pergularia daemia hydro-ethanolic extract protects against 2009;9(1):3159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.002. This chronic inflammation linked with serious inflammatory diseases including arthritis, cancer, neurological, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases [52, 53]. Sutar NG, Pal SC. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2003.11.004. 2018;11(9):51825. Karthishwaran K, Mirunalini S. Therapeutic potential of Pergularia daemia (Forsk. It includes monomeric flavanols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, flavones and flavanols (Fig. Kumar B, Yadav DK, Govindarajan R, Pushpangadan P. Wound healing activity of Pergularia daemia (Forsk) Chiov. ]. P. daemia roots aqueous and ethanolic extracts also have significant protective effects against paracetamol and CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats [69]. Active status on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Pergularia daemia Forsk. The stems grow upto 4m or more, covered in soft hairs. Hence, the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides and saponins in these extracts might be responsible for hepatoprotective activity. Dai J, Mumper RJ. 2013;72:2134. Dhanasekaran D, Sivamani P, Panneerselvam A, Thajuddin A. Rajakumar, Selvamani S. biological control of tomato seedling damping off with Streptomyces sp. The method described Wiebelhaus et al. CAS Ellagitannins from Rubus berries for the control of gastric inflammation: In vitro and in vivo studies. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, (. Hepatoprotective activity of extracts from Pergularia daemia (Forsk) against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity in rats. Anjaneyulu ASN, Raju DVSN, Rao SS. They evaluated the leaf extracts against round worm (Ascarislum bricoides), earthworm (Eudrillus eugeniae), and tapeworm (Taenia solium) taking 100mg/ml concentration, with albendazole as a reference drug. Latex of this plant is used to treat boils and sores. Sureshkumar and Mishra [70] suggested that P. daemia leaf ethanolic extract containing flavonoids and triterpenoids are the most responsible for the hepatoprotective activity. Hence, P. daemia extract significantly maintained these serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant components when compared to control [73]. India is one of the worlds leading producers of medicinal and aromatic plant materials. 2011;10(4):7958. Accra: Ghana Universities Press; 1998. Leaves are thin 510 by 3.89cm in length and heart or broadly ovate or glabrous shaped and margins margin ciliate hairy and cordate at the base petioles 26.3cm in length, pubescent. In recent decades, the development of scientific research in pharmacology and phytochemistry of medicinal plants lead to the next level of herbal medicines. 1). Very recently, Dosumu et al. Phytochemicals such as phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins, tannins and triterpenes found in the leaf extract might be responsible for the observed antioxidant activities [17, 50, 51]. An official website of the United States government. This method is based on the gas phase ions that are separated to their mass-to-charge ratios (m/z). Herbal based therapies by secondary metabolites from plant extracts known to reduce the disease severity without side effects for cancer treatment. Pergularia daemia is a perennial twinning herb that grows along the roadsides of India and tropical and subtropical regions in South Asia, Africa, and Australia.. Pharmacological activities include antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, anti-infertility and . Pre-treated KB cells with P. daemia extract significantly changed the apoptotic morphology of the cells, this apoptotic morphological change occurred by the increased levels of ROS and reduction in the matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs). 2001;33(4):2606. 2. Effect of different extracts of Pergularia daemia on electrolyte excretion and pH in the rat, Each value represents the mean + SEM. International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy, Clinical Phytoscience A survey of the plants of Bhagalpur and Santhal pargana for saponin, flavonoids and alkaloids. Medicinal plants of India (Vol. 2013;2013:376327. Other extracts such as n-butanol, benzene and chloroform showed 16.83%, 13.96% and 15.08% respectively at the same concentration [54]. 2005;19(8):65560. https://herbpathy.com/Uses-and-Benefits-of-Pergularia-Daemia-Cid990, [Note: You are requested to write correct English only. Liver injury or damage is a well known disease which can be caused by excessive production of ROS that lead to the hepatic cells and tissue damage. Results demonstrated that the chloroform extract treated were found to be highly significant (p<0.01) improvement in comparison to the control. Antifertility activity of the alkaloidal fraction of Pergularia daemia. Adesanoye OA, Farombi EO. The flowers are in axillary pseudo umbells on long peduncles. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520130129. Pergularia - Wikipedia Diuretic activity of alcoholic extract was found to be highest 0.93 followed by 0.79 of n-butanol and 0.76 of ethyl acetate extract (Table 2). Downey MO, Rochfort S. Simultaneous separation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectral identification of anthocyanins and flavonols in shiraz grape skin. J Evid Based Integr Med. 2001;73(3):28590. J Agric Food Chem. It is established to have pharmacologicall activity with potential medicinal significance as an antifungal . Whereas, other arthritis indicator biomarkers including white blood cells (WBC) count (8.910.38 thousands/mm3), rheumatoid factor (RF) (17.940.45IU/ml), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (7.910.12mm/h) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (22.560.26mg/l) levels were significantly decreased when compared arthritic induced rat group [56]. The paralysis and time of death was recorded in ethanolic extract for round worm (20.860.54 and 61.840.54min) earthworm (16.860.74 and (27.120.52min) and tape warm (54.120.49 and 110.170.59min) respectively. In this context more emphasis has to be laid on studies that discuss on the secondary metabolite activities and molecular mechanisms that work against various chronic diseases. Another study revealed that P. daemia extract has an important source to cure oral cancer disease. 2001;1:2179. Pharmacological datas obtained from scientific journals published from 2000 to 2020. This percentage gives a measure of urinary excretion independent of the animal weight. These herbal based antioxidant compounds or drugs prevents diseases like atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes, alzheimers disease, cancer, and other anti-inflammatory disorders [41]. Mass spectrometry (MS) is mainly used for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of biomolecules. According to world health organization (WHO) report (2017), approximately 10.4 million cases of tuberculosis (TB) were reported in 2016 and one major possible cause of deaths. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. In contrast, the diuresis induced by alcoholic, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extract of Pergularia daemia, was similar to that of furosemide and accompanied by marked increases in both urinary Na+ and K+ level. Pergularia daemia can be used as an antihelminthic, laxative, antipyretic and anti inflammatory [4]. Several compounds, such as carbon tetrachloride (CC14), -amanitin, acetaminophen, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, bromobenzene, ethanol and polycyclic aromatics and the toxin produced metabolites which cause liver injury [64]. PubMed Shahidi F, McDonald J, Chandrasekara A, Zhong Y. Phytochemicals of foods, beverages and fruit vinegars: chemistry and health effects. 2015;30(1):1126. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 1993;1(6):31527. P. daemia revealed curative effect against ethanol induced ulcer in rats. Currently, these extracts are used an alternative to pain killer drugs. Google Scholar. Kumar PV, Ramesh N. Anti-hyperglycaemic activity of Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Importantly, anti-inflammatory activities of phytocompounds have been described in earlier reports and some of them are in preclinical trials at present [16]. The diuretic activity of the different extracts at a dose of 400 mg/Kg was assessed orally in rats with furosemide as a standard drug using Lipschitzs test. Antioxidants are the compounds that are capable of neutralizing free radicals by interfering with oxidation process, chelating catalytic metals and acts as oxygen scavengers [48]. P. daemia is a perennial climber, traditionally reported for the treatment in a variety of diseases. Exp Toxicol Pathol. The antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Ehretia cymosa. The extract and fractions was screened for various constituents (alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, sterol, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, simple sugars) using standard protocol (13). It is also used in treating gastric ulcers, uterine and menstrual complaints. Chiov. Liver is an incredible organ and is fundamental chemical laboratory of our body which plays a crucial role in the metabolism and detoxification of various chemicals and toxins enter into the body. Result of preliminary phytochemical analysis conducted on the different extracts i.e. Martin S, Kavitha PD, Rathi MA, Kumar DG, Gopalakrishnan VK. Google Scholar. * p < 0.05; **p < 0.001. Authors are thankful to Dr. D. R. Shah, Principal, Maliba Pharmacy College, Tarsadi, India for providing necessary facilities to carry out the research work. Devanesan Arul Ananth or Garlapati Deviram. Similarly, aqueous extract showed paralysis and time of death was (32.330.67 and 76.190.56min) for roundworm, (20.910.31 and 30.890.45min) for earthworm and (64.440.54 and 172.140.81min) for tapeworm respectively. Sci World J. In our previous studies, we reported that an aqueous extract of P. daemia roots possesses some antiepileptogenic effects . The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript. Recently, Mishra et al. The diuretic action of furosemide, alcoholic extract, pet ether extract, ethyl acetate extract and n-butanol extract was found to be 2.19, 2.04, 1.09, 1.66 and 1.73 respectively as compared with 1 of control group (Table. Mirunalini et al. Groups II, III, IV and V were treated with Standard drug (Furosemide 100 mg/Kg p.o. [55] investigated carrageenan induced paw edema in rats using chloroform and petroleum ether extract of whole plant. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1651. P. daemia extract exhibited excellent nitric oxide scavenging activity (IC5032.37mg/ml) compared with gallic acid standard (IC5034.19mg/ml) [49]. 2008;6(1):112. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. Kumar et al. Generally, it is notable that the existing phytochemistry and pharmacological status of the P. daemia are insufficient resources for herbal formulations. Plant Physiol Biochem. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Bupleurum kaoi Liu (Chao et Chuang) extract and its fractions fractionated using supercritical CO2 on CCl4 induced liver damage. All the extracts were not accompanied with reduction in urinary K+ level. The activity was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.02.019. Flavonoids and its glycosides, phytosterols, saponins, phenols, alkaloids, triterpenes, tannins and alkaloids are bioactive ingredient in hypoglycaemic activity in plants [63]. This extract treats asthma and all cold related problems like bronchitis. They also found that ethanolic extracts treated rats decreased the serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), total bilirubin (TBL) and total cholesterol (CHL) levels and increased level in total protein (TPTN) and total albumin (ALB) at dose of 200mg/kg. The juice of the leaves is used in asthma and applied in rheumatic swellings in combination with lime. Indian J Pharmacol. Diuretic action of alcoholic extract was found to be 2.04units, which was almost similar to standard furosemide (2.19units). Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) The study showed remarkable results when 1ml of fresh veliparuthi leaf juice was administered for 6 consequential days and the researchers concluded that veliparuthi extract was highly effective in treating pcos. Percentage of saline load excreted=volumofurinevolumofsalineload100, Urinaryexcretion=total of urinary outputtotal liquid administered, Diuretic action=urinary excretion of treated groupurinary excretion of control group, Diuretic activity=diuretic action of test drugdiuretic action of standard drug. Whereas, ethanolic extracts exhibited late abortifacient activity with 600mg/kg. Similarly, root extract is used as an abortifacient, emetic and also used to treat against asthma, constipation and gonorrhoea. Traditionally the plant P.daemia was used as anthelmintic, laxative, antipyretic and expectorant, and was also used to treat infantile diarrhoea and malarial intermittent fevers and possesses stomachic, laxative and diuretic properties, useful in cough, biliousness and sore eyes (1-3). In Ayurvedic system, herbal compositions were mostly prepared through polyherbal formulations. Indian J Clin Biochem. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies These extracts at the concentration of 200mg/kg showed upto 44.18% and 19.87% reduction in the granuloma formation. was reported for anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic activity (9). Google Scholar. Study on the methonolic extract treated rat groups effectively reduce the paw inflammation and also serum biochemical markers such as hemoglobin (11.840.42g/dl) and red blood cells (RBC) (8.380.67 million/mm3) levels were significantly increased. Prepare decoction of Pergularia Daemia leaves. Pergularia Daemia Herb Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients Recent reports suggests that oxidative stress and its related factors cause an important problem to human health. Mini-Rev Med Chem. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Golam S, Gafur MA, Shah MAB, Khurshid AHM, Biswas MHU, Hassan P, Mannan A, Khan OF, Chowdhury AKA. J Med Plant Economic Develop. These drug formulations are either directly derived from aerial part of the plant or derived from other specific parts like leaf, root, stem, bark, flower and seed. 2012;3:25867. J Chromatogr A. Chiov. Phenolic compounds: natural alternative in inflammation treatment. These results reveal that P. daemia steroidal and ethanolic extract have potential to display anti-fertility activity on female mice [22]. Pandey MM, Rastogi S, Rawat A. Indian herbal drug for general healthcare: an overview. Correspondence to (PDF) Phytochemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial The results showed that all the extracts, except petroleum ether extract, increases urine output, which is expressed as the percentage of saline load excreted, as compared to control group (Table 1). Also ethanolic extract effectively inhibited the formation of peroxides and hydrogen peroxides. Recent research indicated that natural antioxidants capable of preventing oxidative stress related liver problems [65,66,67]. PubMed [17] reported inhibitory percentage from 34.65% to 84.90% in P. daemia leaf extract over DPPH radical scavenging activity. You may ask and answer a query. The extract showed 100% activity without any mortality within 48h of drug treatment. Particularly ethyl acetate extract (300mg/kg b.w.) While, the stem is used to treat cold, malarial fever and pyretic [11]. 2014;6(10):198200. 2007;3(11):18791. The IC50 values was found to be 6.27g/ml (ethanol), 17.78g/ml (ethyl acetate) and 22.49g/ml (n-hexane) and the standard ascorbic acid (5.67g/ml) extracts, respectively. Google Scholar. Further the urine was slightly acidified (Table 3). 4). Click Here. Before Administration of ATDs significantly decreased the level of glucose and albumin. The important sub classes of flavonoids are flavanols, flavanones, isoflavones, flavones, and anthocyanidins [18, 42, 43]. Saito K, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Nakabayashi R, Higashi Y, Yamazaki M, Tohge T, et al. The ROS plays a vital role in liver damage.
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